John Keats The Next Shakespeare Essay - 829 Words

John Keats can easily be ranked as the top British poet to ever live; or at least in the top five ranking mark. His usage of his poems structures has become famous, just as his poems have become famous. Due to the young death of this famous poet, his literary work was cut short. Ever since he knew he was going to die, when he discovered he had contracted tuberculosis, he had thought that he would never be remembered; so much so that according to the web-site â€Å"Poets Graves† which states the inscription on his tombstone read, â€Å"Here lies One Whose Name was writ in Water,† meaning that Keats was certain that he would never be remembered. However, contrary to his belief, Keats is still remembered today, so much so that his poetry is put into†¦show more content†¦Keats throughout the entire poem talks to the urn as if it is a real person, he almost has a real conversation with is almost like two people would have together. The web site â€Å"Shmoop† states about the poem, â€Å"Also, the speaker uses a metaphor to compare the urn to an unravish’d bride and foster-child. The urn is being personified, or treated as if it were a person who could actually get married.† From this statement Keats is treating the urn as if he could become married to, is through Keats’s use of personification. The third poetic structure Keats uses is the use of figures of speech through his poem, â€Å"Chapman’s Homer.† When Keats’s states in the poem, â€Å"When a new planet swims into his Ken; Or like stout Cortez when with eagle eyes he stared at the Pacific†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Keats, Chapman’s Homer, page 883, lines 10-13) Keat uses similes and metaphors to convey his happiness in reading this poem. He compares himself reading this poem Homer’s Iliad, to discovering a new planet or being Cortez, the first European man to lay eyes on the Pacific (which is actually incorrect.) In fact, according to the National Geographic â€Å"History Book† the Iliad was written approximately 800 B.C.E. and then translated by George Chapman some 2,400Show MoreRelatedThe Great English Poet By John Keats2083 Words   |  9 Pagesfind someone to love who returns their sentiments. The great English poet, John Keats, struggled to achieve these goals for many years As he grew, John Keats struggled to meet many goals, highlighting the desire that all of humankind shares to achieve greatness. According to legend, Mrs. Frances Keats gave birth to a healthy baby boy in a stable on October 1, 1795 (Ward 5). Mrs. Keats and her husband, Thomas, named their son John and loved him dearly, spoiling him even after he gained four younger siblingsRead More The Effect of John Keats Health on His Work Essay1999 Words   |  8 PagesThe Effect of John Keats Health on His Work      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In his elegy for the poet John Keats, Adonais, his friend and fellow poet Percy Bysshe Shelley writes: With me / Died Adonais; till the Future dares / Forget the Past, his fate and fame shall be / An echo and a light unto eternity (6-9).   Shelley speaks of the eternal nature of Keats poetry, which, although written at a specific time in literary history, addresses timeless issues such as life, death, love,Read MoreAnalysis Of John Keats s Bright Star1521 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Bright Star† is thought to be the last sonnet that John Keats ever wrote before tuberculosis caused his untimely death in 1821, and the person to whom he was writing to is his fiancà ©e, Fanny Brawne. During Keats’ time, he was known as the William Shakespeare of the Sonnet. Movements that were going on during the time of â€Å"Bright Star,† was meant to write poems on the suffering of the human heart, and his suffering had to do with his love. The poem itself was written in April of 1818, while he wasRead MoreLa Belle Dame sans Merci by John Keats1795 Words   |  8 Pages Many famous writers have careers spanning over decades, though one English Romantic poet was able to achieve fame in his short career of only five years. John Keats was a poet with a remarkable ability to perceive the world around him; an ability that resonated throughout his works. Although John Keats lived an unfortunately short life, he is considered one of the most important figures of the English Romantic movement because of his use of Romantic literary devices and themes of love and loss inRead MoreTaking a Look at John Milton1988 Words   |  8 Pages Often being ranked side by side with William Shakespeare and John Keats, John Milton is considered one of the most renowned English poets in the world of literature, as journalist and politician Joseph Devlin states, â€Å"... [T]he three greatest works are those of Homer, Dante and Shakespeare. These are closely followed by the works of Virgil and Milton.† Many make the misconception that Milton is part of the Romanticism movement along with Mary Shelly and William Blake but Milton’s career took placeRead MoreThe Impact Of Shakespeare s Character Representation1998 Words   |  8 PagesThe Impact of Shakespeare on Character Representation Writing is an inexhaustible source for sharing emotions and ideas. Robin Williams once said that â€Å"Poetry, beauty, romance, love, these are what we stay alive for.† What we put into our writing is a part of us and should touch others in positive way. Whether to inform, persuade, or entertain, it meant to be passionate. For most students, almost all of knowledge we learn in English glass is about either about boring, dull research papers we willRead MoreCommentary on On Sitting Down to Read King Lear Once Again by John Keats1984 Words   |  8 Pages When through the old oak forest I am gone, Let me not wander in a barren dream, But when I am consumed in the fire, Give me new Phoenix wings to fly at my desire. COMMENTARY : The poem under study was written in 1818 after the completion of John Keatss 4,000-line poem Endymion. We are facing a traditional and fixed form of poem as Sitting Down to Read King Lear Once Again is an Elizabethan sonnet composed of fourteen lines which are divided up into three quatrains, that is four-line stanzasRead More Aspects of a Sonnet Essay2511 Words   |  11 PagesPetrarca, thus why it is named the Petrarchan Sonnet chose to write his sonnets. However William Shakespeare, a famous English poet, used another sonnet-rhyming scheme his is as follows: The first twelve lines are made up of three quatrains (blocks of four lines linked by rhyme). The last two lines form a rhyming couplet, e.g. a rhyming pair: abab, cdcd, efef, gg William Shakespeare is often considered the greatest writer of English literature that ever lived. By 1594 he was a risingRead MoreThe Poem Caged Bird 1147 Words   |  5 Pagessubtypes of lyric poetry: âž ¢ An ode is a poem devoted to the praise of a person, animal, or thing. It is written in an elevated style (formal, dignified language), and it often expresses deep feeling. An example of an ode is â€Å"Ode to a Nightingale† by John Keats: http://www.poemhunter.com/poem/ode-to-a-nightingale/. âž ¢ An elegy is a poem that mourns the dead. The tone is somber, melancholy, and contemplative. Walt Whitman’s poem â€Å"O Captain! My Captain!† is a famous elegy written to mourn the death ofRead More Rock n Roll 20th Century Culture Essay1465 Words   |  6 Pagesof alienation that young people felt from the past and the â€Å"Establishment† and it also showed the keen sense of community they felt among themselves. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Classic albums such as the Beatles’ â€Å"White Album,† the Who’s â€Å"Who’s Next,† Dylan’s â€Å"Highway 61 Revisited, and Pink Floyd’s â€Å"Dark Side of the Moon† capture what was essential about the time because they were both a result of that time and because they helped to produce it by reinforcing the younger generation’s feelings

Mercantilism Essay - 966 Words

The year 1607 brought England into the quot;New Worldquot; with its first permanent settlement at Jamestown, and the following years would bring more American colonies to the British Empire. When sending people into the new land, the English planned to use a mercantilist policy and fully use the colonies for their resources. The colonists creation of the proverb quot;Mother countries exist for the benefit of their coloniesquot; is sufficient because Englands original intentions of mercantilism soon disappeared after their entrance into this new world. The reason for the decline in their motives can be traced to many occurrences, most notably benign neglect of the colonies and internal English conflicts. In many cases, the mother†¦show more content†¦As a result, many colonists had a monopoly on English trade. With only America trading tobacco with England, it was easy for farmers to make hefty profits on trades. As stated in â€Å"Virginia Resents Restrictions†, the c olonists were provided with a monopoly in England since they were prohibited to trade with other nations. At the same time, â€Å"Adam Smith’s Balance Sheet† shows that their relation with England also provided the colonists cheap manufacturing that they did not have the facility for. This is another example of colonists taking advantage of England’s policies; it proves that the proverb can indeed be reversed. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;With officials working for the betterment of the entire empire, colonies greatly reaped the benefits of being under the English throne. Although it may be expected that Englishmen would live better lives as a result of paying extremely high taxes and living close to the empire, it was in fact the opposite. Even with the direct correlation of the English with the government, colonists lived in a much safer economic environment. The policies enforced in England were enforced to a lesser degree in America. Not only did the colonists enjoy all the rights the English had, but the colonists also had the unusual right of self-government. While the British themselves were in many different economic problems, the colonists were living a relatively stable life without intrusion by the government.Show MoreRelatedMercantilism And The Development Of Mercantilism Essay999 Words   |  4 PagesMercantilism Mercantilism was a theory in economics, which was very popular between the 16th and 18th centuries, whose aim was to build a strong rich state through the regulation of the economy by the state (Wallerstein, 2014). This regulation of the economy was implemented by states through the reduction of imports and the increase of exports. These actions aimed at creating a â€Å"favorable balance of trade† that was characterized by monetary reserves of gold and silver (Rothbard, 2010). Other policiesRead MoreMercantilism Essay1456 Words   |  6 PagesThe several colonies under British control in America were all ruled and governed by the same political and economic policy. Mercantilism is a policy where wealth is equivalent to power. It is the economic theory that a country’s wealth was measured in the amount of bullion it accumulated. Even though this policy was official by the British crown and Parliament, often a different policy advanced into society. Salutary neglect, a concept first written by Edmund Burke and first used by Prime MinisterRead MoreMercantilism2448 Words   |  10 PagesMercantilism Mercantilism is a political and economic system that arose in the 17th and 18th centuries. The definition of this system can be explained as economic nationalism for the purpose of building a wealthy and powerful state. It purports that a country s economic strength is directly related to the maintenance of a positive balance of trade. This theory also claims that a country must export more than it imports. Such a positive balance of trade, according to mercantilist thoughtRead More Mercantilism Essay1133 Words   |  5 PagesMercantilism Mercantilism is the economic theory that a nations prosperity depends on its supply of gold and silver; that the total volume of trade is unchangeable. This theory suggests that the government should play an active role in the economy by encouraging exports and discouraging imports, especially through the use of tariffs. Spain and England used the mercantile system to benefit the mother countries. The mercantile system had special regulations, which usually extracted some sortRead MoreMercantilism Essay445 Words   |  2 PagesMercantilism Economics in the seventeenth and eighteenth century were dominated by the idea of mercantilism. Mercantilism depended on the cooperation between colony and mother country in the shipping and production of raw materials. Domestic industry increased employment, expanded commercial activity within the country and decreased Frances dependence on foreign trade. The success of a Mercantile system relied on the government, participating merchants, even nobility and the working class, allRead MoreEssay The Logic of Mercantilism723 Words   |  3 PagesExplain the Logic of Mercantilism and Why it is Generally Viewed as a Deficient Theory Gretchen Serrao Nova Southeastern University Explain the Logic of Mercantilism and Why it is Generally Viewed as a Deficient Theory Mercantilism was an economic system that developed in Europe between the 16th and 18th century during the period of the new monarchies. This economic philosophy is based on the belief that a nation’s wealth depends on accumulated treasure, usuallyRead MoreEssay about 17th Century English Mercantilism946 Words   |  4 PagesMercantilism Essay England in the 17th century adopted the policy of mercantilism, exercising control over the trade of the colonies, thus greatly affecting their political and economical development. Mercantilism was the policy in Europe throughout the 1500s to the 1700s where the government of the mother country controlled the industry and trade of other, weaker settlements with the idea that national strength and economic security comes from exporting more than what is imported. PossessionRead MoreLiberalism and Mercantilism1287 Words   |  6 Pagesand Mercantilism International political economy is an important subdiscipline of international relation. It has three main ideologies, Liberalism, Mercantilism and Marxism. In this essay there will be three parts, first part is to demonstrate what the Liberalism and Mercantilism are on the perspective of international political economy and then the second part is to compare and contrast these two ideologies of political economy. At last, give a conclusion to the Liberalism and Mercantilism. Read More Mercantilism Essay1879 Words   |  8 Pages Mercantilism is an economic theory where a nations strength comes from building up gold supplies and expanding its trade. Britain formed the American colonies so that they could increase their gold stores. They wanted raw supplies to make into products to sell and make money. They wanted America to pay taxes so that Britain could make money. America used the theory in that they thought they ought to, in order to be strong expand their trade beyond Britain. Countries like Belgium, and France wantedRead MoreThe Trade Of International Trade1538 Words   |  7 Pagesthe government do not intervene on what its citizen can buy, produce or sell internationally. International trade first began in a barter system which is followed by mercantilism in the early 16th and 17th century we’re mercantilism trade is practiced and this is what nation nowadays still view international business as. Mercantilism is when countries trying to maximize export through the use of subsidies and minimize import through tariffs and quotas. This theory is used as country hope to get a

Pharmaceutical Companies a Manufacturer of Synthetic Insulin

Question: Prepare a Detailed Report on a Specific Product which is Currently being Marketed by Either a Major Pharmaceutical or Biopharmaceutical Company. Answer: History of the product The pharmaceutical companies have embarked on the large-scale manufacture of synthetic insulin to meeting the increasing demand for health care. The types of insulin also are based on how soon it becomes functional (Klubo-Gwiezdzinska et al., 2015). There are short acting, intermediate acting, and long-acting insulin. In terms of history, before scientist discovered the production of insulin, patients with type 1 diabetes used to die. A Canadian scientist Friendrick Banting was able to purify insulin in 1921. Continued experiments later found a type of insulin which could be released at lower doses in blood. This was the addition of a fish protein, protamine which the human body breaks down at a slow rate. Although there have been several modifications in insulin, the method of production still remains the same. Initially, insulin was derived from the pancreas of calves and pigs followed by purification. The insulin in these animals and human are quite similar and hence function well. However, some people would complain of allergies which led to the development if biotechnological industrial production of insulin in 1980. This was enabled by the determination of the chemical structure of insulin which then made it possible to determine the location of the gene which codes for insulin in the chromosome. Initial experiments involved the splicing of the insulin gene in mice into a bacterium which enabled insulin synthesis. In the year 1980s, the scientists were able to make use of genetic engineering methods to synthesize the human insulin protein. For example, in the year 1982, Eli Lily Corporation manufactured the first human insulin which was later widely accepted for use as a pharmaceutical product. This insulin did not have any animal contaminants, production was on large scale and there were no fears concerning the transmission of diseases between animals to humans were lowered. T he majority of the pharmaceutical companies use the recombinant DNA technology to produce insulin (Wang et al., 2014). Biology underlying the condition being treated Insulin is a very important hormone in the body, whose function is to regulate the amount of sugar in the blood. More specifically, insulin is involved in transporting sugar in blood into the cells for metabolism (Higgs and Fernandez, 2014). This hormone is needs produced by the beta cells of the pancreas. These cells sometimes release insulin in small amounts while in other cases, the release insulin surge. Once the food is digested din the gut, it is converted into molecules which can be easily get absorbed by the body cells. The carbohydrates are the ones which are converted into sugars for use by the cells to drive various body processes like glycolysis. When the blood glucose is high, following a meal, the pancreatic cells are triggered to produce proportionate levels of insulin. Upon binding of glucose transporters by the insulin on the cell membrane, the sugar in the blood begins to get into the cells via the plasma membrane. If there is no enough insulin production of the pan creatic cells are defective, blood glucose accumulates making the cells to starve (Lipska and Montori, 2015). Continued starvation of cells activates other metabolic pathways leading to the formation of ketones by the liver, which in turn complicate the health of patients and can lead to coma. Lack of proper insulin production also results in the development of diabetes; which can be type 1 or type 2. The type 1 diabetic patients are placed on medication such that they receive insulin injection doses about three times per day. The diabetes type 2 patients produce a little amount of insulin from their pancreas but they may need to inject some more either once to twice per day. Production process Method 1 The raw materials used for the production of insulin are E. coli bacteria, although yeast is used to some extent. Of great concern to the manufacturers is the protein or gene which produces insulin. This is obtained by use of a machine which sequences amino acids in order to produce DNA fragments (Heinemann and Hompesch, 2014). The production also requires large tanks where bacteria are grown as well as nutrients and carbon sources which are food for the bacteria. Production of insulin is a biochemical process which requires several steps by use of recombinant DNA technology upon isolation of the insulin gene. The insulin gene codes for the insulin protein and as the cell carries its metabolism, the insulin gene is translated to make proteins. In this case, the manufacturers manipulate the biological processes of the bacteria (Kumar and Partha, 2017). The insulin gene is then transferred into the bacteria and metabolism continues. The insulin gene has two sub units the A and B chain in its structure. The A chain has 21 amino acids while the B chain has 30 amino acids. Before it becomes active, the proinsulin has co-joined A and B subunits but it lacks the signal sequence. In the pharmaceutical companies, the A and B subunits are grown separately so as to avoid the manufacturing of each of the enzymes. Two minigenes are thus used. A minigene which forms the chain A and the minigene B which gives chain B. bearing in mind that the manufacturers already know the DNA sequence of each of the two chains, the minigenes are made by use of amino acid sequencing equipment. The resulting chains are in serted into the plasmid (cloning vectors) which is then taken up by competent bacteria. For instance, the plasmid is inserted into the and cultured followed by transfection. DNA ligase is added so as to aid the sticking together of the recombinants into the bacteria. The bacteria which make insulin are then subjected to fermentation at optimal temperatures, processes carried out in large tanks. The bacteria replicate and form millions of copies by mitotic processes with each copy having insulin genes (Mimi et al., 2015). The cells are then broken open so that DNA can be removed. The methionine is then broken by treating the DNA with cyanogens bromide so that the insulin chains are separated. The insulin chains A and B are the joined together using disulfide bonds in the oxidation-reduction process. Method 2 In this method, the manufacture of insulin begins with the precursor called proinsulin. All the processes are similar to method 1, apart from the use of a machine for amino acid sequences. The proinsulin is fermented in large tanks where the A and B insulin chains are spliced using an enzyme so that the insulin is then purified (Sandow et al., 2015). The ingredients are then added to insulin so as to hinder the entry of bacteria and maintain a neutral pH. This method is important in the manufacture of the long-acting insulin. Purification The manufacturers then purify the insulin chains by use of a method like chromatography, reverse HPLC and other size separation methods. The batches of insulin produced are then tested per batches so as to make sure that the E.coli proteins have been mixed with insulin (Moein et al., 2014). A marker protein used to detect the presence or absence of E. coli, where the bacteria is eventually removed, leaving behind the insulin only. When the insulin protein is being manufactured, quality control is of great importance. In case there are impurities in the insulin, other methods of purification such as gel filtration, X-ray crystallography, and amino acid sequencing can be used. The vials that are used to store insulin are also tested for the packaging to ensure that that sealing is proper (Thomas et al., 2014). According to the National Institute of Health, on safety measures should be followed when manufacturing insulin. Economies of process The commercial manufacture of insulin requires the use of large scale equipment with several challenges during scale up. The costs and dependency are done based on the parameters of the manufacturing process. It is important that unnecessary costs are minimized while the negative impact to the environment is lowered. A pharmaceutical manufacturing plant can involve an investment of $150 million. The unit production could be about $70/g during purification of insulin particles. If we make an assumption that each insulin costs about $100/g, this manufacturing plant can yield satisfactory returns of about 70 %. For instance, a 40 mg vial of insulin can cost about $25 in cost indicating that selling at $100/g is economically viable. Waste and safety The pharmaceutical manufacturing company causes negative effects to the environment especially when it comes to disposal of wastes (Heldin et al., 2014). Therefore these wastes have been raising concerns over the effect of wastes from pharmaceuticals to the health of the communities around. As more and more people are diagnosed with diabetes while others are living with uncured diabetes, there need to be the development of sustainable plans to manage wastes (Ortigosa et al., 2015). The insulin infusion pumps and tubing free infusion sets have impacts to the environment. It is also important to consider waste water used in the manufacturing process especially the wastes from biological chemicals. This wastewater can be highly toxic and hence manufacturing companies should ensure that they carry put proper detoxification processes before releasing to the environment. They should also have proper plastic and paper disposal systems by adopting the use of packaging materials which are bio degradable especially after the diabetic patient has finally used the vials. References Heinemann, L. and Hompesch, M., 2014. Biosimilar Insulins Basic Considerations. Journal of diabetes science and technology, 8(1), pp.6-13. Heldin, E., Grnlund, S., Shanagar, J., Hallgren, E., Eriksson, K., Xavier, M., Tunes, H. and Vilela, L., 2014. Development of an intermediate chromatography step in an insulin purification process. The use of a High Throughput Process Development approach based on selectivity parameters. Journal of Chromatography B, 973, pp.126-132. Higgs, M. and Fernandez, R., 2014. PW367 The effect of insulin therapy algorithms on blood glucose levels in post-operative patients following cardiac surgery: A systematic review. Global Heart, 9(1), p.e334. Klubo-Gwiezdzinska, J., Cochran, E., Semple, R.K., Brown, R.J. and Gorden, P., 2015. Continued Efficacy of Combination Therapy for Type B Insulin Resistance Due to Autoantibodies to the Insulin Receptor. In Clinical Issues in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes (pp. OR01-1). Endocrine Society. Kumar, M.A.N.N.P. and Partha, M.B.U.R.K., 2017. Kinetic and Structural Differentiation of Trypsin from Different Origins. BioPharm International, 30(1). Lipska, K.J. and Montori, V.M., 2015. ACP Journal Club. In type 1 diabetes, intensive insulin therapy for 6.5 y reduced mortality at 27 y compared with usual care. Annals of internal medicine, 162(10), p.JC12. Mimi, N., Belkacemi, H., Sadoun, T., Sapin, A. and Maincent, P., 2015. How the composition and manufacturing parameters affect insulin release from polymeric nanoparticles. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 30, pp.458-466. Moein, M.M., Javanbakht, M. and Akbari-adergani, B., 2014. Molecularly imprinted polymer cartridges coupled on-line with high performance liquid chromatography for simple and rapid analysis of human insulin in plasma and pharmaceutical formulations. Talanta, 121, pp.30-36. Ortigosa, A.D., Coleman, M.P., George, S.T., Rauscher, M.A., Sleevi, M.C. and Kartoa, C.H.O.W., Merck Sharp Dohme Corp., 2015. Purifying insulin using cation exchange and reverse phase chromatography in the presence of an organic modifier and elevated temperature. U.S. Patent Application 15/124,080. Sandow, J., Landgraf, W., Becker, R. and Seipke, G., 2015. Equivalent recombinant human insulin preparations and their place in therapy. Eur Endocrinol, 11(1), pp.10-6. Thomas, A., Schnzer, W. and Thevis, M., 2014. Determination of human insulin and its analogues in human blood using liquid chromatography coupled to ion mobility mass spectrometry (LC?IM?MS). Drug testing and analysis, 6(11-12), pp.1125-1132. Wang, Z., York, N.W., Nichols, C.G. and Remedi, M.S., 2014. Pancreatic cell dedifferentiation in diabetes and redifferentiation following insulin ther

Jack London Love of Life Essay Example

Jack London Love of Life Essay Genealogic Classification and typology of languages. 2. Language as a Social Phenomenon. Definition of Language. Functions of the Language. 3. Languages as a Systemic System . Language Levels and Components. The History of the English Language 1. Theories of Language Evolution. Periodization of English and Main Events in the History of English 2. Common LinguisticFeatures of Ancient and Modern Germanic Languages 3. Grammatical andLexical Peculiarities of Old English 4. Main Features ofMiddle English: Phonetics, Grammar, Vocabulary 5.The Characteristicsof Early Modern English. The Process of Language Standardization 6. Development ofWiring in the history of the English language The EnglishLiterature 1. Old EnglishLiterature / Epic, Lyric, Historical works/ 2. Middle EnglishLiterature /G. Chaucer, WLangland, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight/ 3. The Main Periods inthe Literary Activity of William Shakespeare 4. The Romantic Subjectin Lord Byrons Poetry 5. The Victorian Age inEnglish Lite rature. 6. English Prose of theXXth Century The English Lexicology 1.Word Building Processes Based on Addition and Contraction 2. Peculiarities of American and British English 3. Criteria of Classification of the Phraseological Units 4. Synonymy, Antonymy and Homonymy 5. The Development of English and American Lexicography 6. Variants and Dialects of the English language 7. The Etymology of the English Word Stock 8. The Theory of the Word. Lexical Meaning and Semantic Structure of English Words. The English Stylistics 1. Functional Styles of the English Language 2. Phono-Graphical Expressive Means. 3.Lexical Stylistic Devices / Metaphor, Metonymy, Irony, Zeugma, Pun, Epithet, / 4. Lexical stylistic Devices /Oxymoron, Simile, Periphrases, Hyperbole, Repetition, Understatement/ 5. Syntactical Stylistic Devices /Stylistics Inversion, Detached Constructions, Parallel Construction, Chiasmus, Suspense, Climax, Antithesis/ 6. Stylistic Classification of the English Vocabulary Theory and Pr actice of Translation 1. Speak on the Scienceof translating. 2. Types ofTranslations. 3. Levels ofEquivalence of Translation. 4. Lexical Aspects ofTranslation 5.Machine Translationand its Perspectives 6. Handling AttributiveGroups 7. Translation ofPhraseological Units 8. Handling Equivalentand Equivalent-Lacking Forms and Structures 9. Translation of ModalForms 10. Direct and IndirectTranslating Procedures 11. Intercultural andInterlingual Translation 12. FundamentalParameters of Translational Competences 13. Pragmatics ofTranslation 14. Stylistic Aspects ofTranslation 15. Lexical and GrammarDifficulties in Translation 16. Types ofTransformations in the Process of Translation /lexical, grammatical, syntactic, miscellaneous types/ 17.AntonymousTranslation. Compensation in Translation. Other Translation Problems. Traductology 1. ProfessionalTranslation as an Act of Communication. The Role of a Translator. 2. Different Approachesto Translation. Four Schools of Translation. 3. Different Aspects ofTranslation Activity. Translation and Cultural Equation. 4. Components of Actsof Communication / aims, intentions, content, package / 5. Fidelity as aPhenomenon in Translation. Verbalizing a Simple Idea. 6. Principles of Fidelity/ primary and secondary information/ 7.Differences betweenInterpretation and Translation 8. KnowledgeAcquisition in Written and Oral Translation 9. Meanings of Words. Aspects of Synonyms* Translation 10. Translation and Style. Pragmatics of the Text 11. Translation of Terms and Professionalisms 12. Semantic Engineering and Levels of Translators Approximation 13. The Nature ofLiterature and Informative Text Translation. The Genres of Literary works 14. The Subdivisions ofInformative Translation /scientific and technical texts, publicistic texts,official documents etc/