Marketing Philosophy Essay

Efforts of reviewing and modelling merchandising elements, judgments and philosophical attitudes were numerous and effective. But with parvenu ch on the wholeenges causing hurdles in making food grocery run short much effective on macro- and micro- level of the economy, a revision of trade ism is always at place. Elements of merchandise philosophyDibb and Simkin (2004) Lancaster and Reyn ageings (2005) Blythe (2005) Drummond and Ensor (2005) Morgan (1996) 1. Production predilection 2. Financial druthers 3. Sales predilection 4. trade predilection 5. Customer predilection 6. Competitor preference 7. Interfunctional Coordination 1. Production predilection 2. Sales orientation 3. merchandise taste 1. Production orientation 2. Product orientation 3. Sales orientation 4. Customer orientation 5. Societal merchandising 6. Relationship Marketing 1. Production orientation 2. Product orientation 3. Sales orientation 4. Financial orientation 5. Marketing Orientation 1. Cost philo sophy 2. Product philosophy 3. Production philosophy 4. Sales philosophy 5. Erratic philosophy 6. Marketing philosophy 7. Social selling philosophyAs indicated in hedge 1, creators t fetch up to call various preconditions for the elements of tradeing philosophy a) orientation (Dibb and Simkin, 2004 Lancaster and Reynolds, 2005 Blythe, 2005 Drummond and Ensor, 2005) b) philosophy (Morgan, 1996)c) concept (Kotler and Armstrong, 2008). tied(p) the Lithuanian authors, who wrote the first university hold up on foodstuff, professors Pranulis, Pajuodis, Virvilaite and Urbonavicius (1999, 2000 and 2008) have used the Lithuanian counterpart word orientation. Following this broad tendency of the term orientation usage, here, in this article, the choice of the orientation term forget be applied. The re flatned American professors Kotler and Armstrong (2008, pp.9-12) indicated that their choice of trade management orientations were as follows* the drudgery concept,* the product con cept,* the selling concept,* the merchandise concept.* the societal marketing concept.A standardised opinion was expressed by a root word of Lithuanian marketing professors, where they classified marketing orientations as follows (Pranulis et al., 1999, 2000) a) production orientation, b) product orientation, c) selling orientation, d) marketing orientation e) socialethical marketing orientation. Because of the difficulty of incorporating ein truth the various facets of marketing into a single definition, Lancaster and Reynolds (2005) distinguished features of the subject in the following statements (Lancaster and Reynolds, 2005, p.16) Marketing is dynamic and op whiletional, requiring action as well as planning. Marketing take ons an improved assortment of occupancy organisation, although this on its own is non enough. Marketing is an important functional area of management, often establish in a single physical location. More importantly, it is an overall tune philoso phy that should be follow by everybody in the entire organisation. The marketing concept states that the identification, satisfaction and retention of clients is the key to long-term endurance and prosperity. Marketing involves planning and control. The principle of marketing states that all melodic phrase decisions should be make with primary friendliness of node requirements. Marketing focalisationes direction from production towards the charters and wants of the market place. Marketing is concerned with obtaining look upon from the market by offering items of value to the market. It does this by producing goods and operate that satisfy the genuine needs and wants of specifically define target markets. The distinguishing feature of a marketing orientated organisation is the way in which it strives to provide node satisfaction as a way of achieving its own business objectives. The author of the article proposes the following information on the classification of mar keting orientations, which constitute the marketing philosophy essence1) the production orientation,2) the product orientation,3) the pecuniary orientation,4) the selling orientation,5) the marketing orientation,6) the market orientation (which extends to internal and external orientations),7) the social-ethical marketing orientation,8) the holistic marketing orientation (which extends to internal marketing orientation, unified marketing orientation, social marketing orientation relationship marketing orientation). The holistic marketing concept was proposed by Kotler and Keller (2007) except it was not mentioned or wider discussed in the textbook of Principles of Marketing (Kotler and Armstrong, 2008), but introduced in their co-operative book on Marketing Management (2007). For this reason, it is viable to include this new orientation in the proposed model (Figure 3), as it integrated at least four other sub-orientations a) internal marketing orientation, b) integrated marketin g orientation, c) social marketing orientation and d) relationship marketing orientation.Internal marketing orientation volition be directly dealing with a Marketing Department indoors an organisation. It will directly strung-out to the senior management level and other organisational department, emphasising the organisational culture and micro-climate, suitable for effective work and success factors in marketing performance. Integrated marketing orientation would focus towards integrated marketing communication theory, the cost-effective selection of marketing channels and integrated exploitation of products and services within the scope, require and challenges of the national and international markets.Social marketing orientation would be focusing on the concept of societal marketing proposed by Kotler and Armstrong (2008), where the basic societal marketing triangle is based on the well-organism of the community, incorporating the corporate social responsibility of companie s and non-profit organisations, legal issues and environmental protection issues, which al unitedly streamline the sustainable development of the economy and consumption patterns. Relationship marketing orientation would be concerned with cling toing the guest community relationship with consumers, offering value added products and services.This orientation will to a fault foster the keep company-partner company (B2B) relationship, seeking trust and reliability in partner selection summons and its maintenance for sexual climax years. Therefore, marketing channels should be effectively developed to reduce costs and enhance profitability ratios for all three market participants a) producers, b) distributors and sellers, c) consumers. The market orientation is proposed to be grouped as internal and external orientations. though Narver and S afterward (1990) proposed a model that identified the components of market orientation as Customer orientation, which incorporates customers perceptions and understanding by customers creating value, offering cost-effective solutions to satisfy their needs. Competitor orientation emphasises one of the marketings functions, i.e., to seek matched advantage in the market. Competitor analysis, performed in various techniques (e.g. PESTED analysis, Porters forces analysis, Boston matrix analysis, etc.), gives a company alsols to objectively evaluate competitors capabilities and results on the market. Organizational culture if analysed on an individual basis could be either included into market orientation factor or in the holistic marketing orientation, depending how endogenetic the marketing philosophy is on an organisational level.Organisational culture should support customer service and customer relationship development throughemployee performance prism. Interfunctional coordination should focus on the interaction between internal functional areas of the organization which best resolve customer need and satisfaction , which in other cases would correspond to the relationship marketing orientation (Kotler and Keller, 2007). Long-term focus would incorporate the consideration of how the above can be sustained, and financially viable, over the long term.In this wanton away-up the proposition by Drummond et al (2000) is closer to the authors perception of market orientation, therefore the dower parts of the market orientation are considered to be the balance betweena) External market orientation customers, competitors and other external stakeholders. b) Internal market orientation employees and other internal stakeholders.Marketing OrientationThe term marketing is used extensively in moderne life. If you stop someone in the street and collect them what it inwardness, they will probably use words like advertising, market research and a modern word for selling. In fact, marketing is a group much than just selling, advertising and research, although all of these functions are important aspect s of marketing.The Chartered Lrstitute of Marketing in the UK defines marketing as follows Marketing is the management act which identifies, anticipates, and supplies customer requirements efficiently and profitably. So what is marketing orientation? In the next sections we shall explore this. commencement we will consider what it means for an organisation to adopt a marketing-based business philosophy. We shall then consider the organic evolution of the marketing concept and look at how marketing orientation has influenced organizational structures in business.An Overview of a Marketing-based trade PhilosophyThe points below describe marketing and its role in a marketing based business philosophy. We shall then go on to consider a marketing-based philosophy in more(prenominal) detail. * Marketing is a management process, and the support of management for the marketing concept is a key element in its success. Today, a company has to be marketing orientated if it is to be succes sful. * Marketing is involved with identifying customer requirements usually with market research. * We have to consider received needs and anticipate the requirements of the customer in the future. This requires planning a very important aspect of the marketing process. The satisfaction of the needs will require the supplier to provide benefits the right(a) market offering at the right place at the right time.* Truly market-driven companies adopt strategic level marketing, where marketing has a key role in defining the long-term objectives and mission of the company. In this way, a strategic framework is established whereby the customer is placed at the centre of the organisations activities. * Marketing is not just for profit-making companies. Marketing is for any organisation that has customers, and that includes charities and government bodies.Very many selling jobs in fact are in non-profit-making organisations, although very often the people who have those jobs would not think of themselves as salespeople Marketing is a business philosophy, the process responsible for anticipating, identifying and satisfying customer current and future needs. The marketing philosophy developed out of the need by producer manufacturers, whose focus was on efficient production, to compete more effectively in their markets.They turned their attention away from chew production at lowest unit cost to try to anticipate the specific needs of customers and produce products/services whose benefits would satisfy those needs. Marketing is sometimes referred to as a pull strategy. The principle is that we understand customer needs and produce products or services, which meet those needs through specific benefits. Customers will want to leverage products or services, which they perceive as meeting their needs and wants.Literature review on marketing challenges in the new millennium The precondition, which fostered to review the challenges for the marketing in the new millennium , was the statements in various forms and shapes, which appeared during the past ex in text books, social ne 2rks, media and social forums. The selection of disturbing statements were selected and presented here for the discussion. The biased perception of marketing functions and orientations at the dawn of the new millennium is not compelling. Traditional (conventional) marketing is visualised as a dead function, notwithstanding the critics of modern marketing practice.The critics bring up the issues of lost customers, mass marketing and viral marketing. Therefore, a more fundamental change for marketing is at stake towards a more individualized touch in the field, as well emphasise by Spellings (2009). Boynett and Boynett (2003) in their book on The Guru disembowel to Marketing A Concise Guide to the Best Ideas from Todays Top Marketers have also identified a number of citations, which question the future of marketing and its conventional functionality. It is apparent that ma rketing is suitable a multi-disciplinary theory, which inevitably incorporates postmodern aspects of the markets and consumption patterns and consumer behaviour. Selected statements on the death of traditional marketing in the new millennium Authors/sources StatementsBoyett and Boyett (2003, p.1) Death-of-marketing gurus rationalize their hyperbole by explaining that marketing is in the throes of fundamental change. World of DTC Marketing (2008) unoriginal marketing is dead Bishop (2009) Marketing is dead long live marketing Attracting consumers in the post-mass marketing era Big Marketing Ideas (2009) The reason we say viral marketing is dead is not because content no longer spreads in the alike(p) way quite the contrary. But the idea that you could create a heartbeat game or a funny video and expect it to get a million hits and downloads within a week is now patently nave. Wymore (2009) Forget direct mail, television advertising, and other mass media marketing. They just dont work anymore. Traditional marketing is dead. In other words, these marketing chestnuts plain dont stand out in todays noisy media market. Spellings (2009) Mass Marketing is Dead. Make Way For Personal Marketing The days of mass marketing are coming to an end as we enter a new era of individualized marketing. Personal marketing will require more work, more preparation, and smarter implementation, but the rewards will be vastly better than the mass marketing approach.Selected marketing challenges in the new millenniumSutton and Klein (2003) Blythe (2005) Kashani (2005) Brown (2008) Kotler and Armstrong (2008) Bishop (2009) Increasing market complexity Accelerating demand for speed to market Growing need to capture marketing knowledge Increasing availability of innovative marketing technologies Escalating demand for marketing efficiency and effectiveness Relationship marketing development Service quality enhancement meshing marketing development Marketing ethics Marketing strategy revisited Commoditisation (change in technologies, more informed customer, more intense competition) Consolidation(mergers & acquisitions) Power shift Margin erosion Value focus Postmodern challenges Hyperreality Fragmentation change by reversal production and consumption Decentred subjects Juxtaposition of opposites The new digital age Rapid globalisation The call for more ethics and social responsibility Growth of non-profit marketing Aggressive innovations Building a strong value proposition Engagement and connection to the customer Delivering customer experiences at or above expectationsIt could be verbalize that marketing in the 21st century presents many new postmodern challenges (see Table 3) shrinking markets, which in effect implies fragmentation and decentralised subjects (Brown, 2008), followed by increasing market complexity (Sutton and Klein, 2003) and market globalisation (Kotler and Armstrong, 2008) ballpark issues (Blythe, 2005), more marketing ethics (Blythe, 2005 Kotler and Armstrong, 2008) and social responsibility (Kotler and Armstrong, 2008) marketing strategy revisited (Blythe, 2005) through accelerating the demand for marketing efficiency and effectiveness (Sutton and Klein, 2003) and speed to market (Sutton and Klein, 2003), and aggressive innovations (Bishop, 2009) advancements in technologies in the digital age (Kotler and Armstrong, 2008), including Internet, commoditisation (Kashani, 2005), communications (Bishop, 2009), internet marketing development (Blythe, 2005), increasing availability of innovative marketing technologies (Sutton and Klein, 2003) engagement and connection to the customer (Bishop, 2009), through service quality enhancement (Blythe, 2005), delivering customer experiences at or above expectations (Bishop, 2009), rapidly changing public attitudes towards consumption (Sutton and Klein, 2003) building a strong value proposition (Bishop, 2009) through growing need to capture marketi ng knowledge (Sutton and Klein, 2003), power shift (Kashani, 2005) and reversed production and consumption (Brown, 2008).Therefore, marketers are face the re-evaluation of marketing strategy, applying new tools and sophisticated techniques in the new millennium, where changes are of a constant nature. Ultimately, the firms who take the greatest care of their customers interests are the ones or so likely to maintain their competitive edge in a cut-throat universe of discourse (Blythe, 2005 p.332). The case of coffee bar applying marketing orientations and marketing challenges in the new millennium. In practice, each company selects business and marketing philosophy which suits it best. The decision depends on the companys type, size, products and services it produces, distributes and sells and etc. In order to apply marketing orientations and marketing challenges to a practical situation, two companies in coffee bars field a) an international company STARBUCKS (the USA) andb) a national company COFFEE INN (Lithuania).Their briefs and marketing philosophies will be discussed bellow.The case of Starbucks (the USA)Probably one of the most famous brands in the United States and now in the whole world, reflecting the specific lifestyle of the few generations, is definitely Starbucks. Starbucks is the largest coffee-house company in the world, offering a wide range of various coffees, hot and cold coffee and non-coffee drinks, sandwiches and sweet snacks. Founded in 1979, solo as a coffee bean retailer Starbucks became a coffee-house selling coffee drinks as well as beans, when its present headmaster Howard Schultz came in and bought the company from its former owners in 1987. Since then, an extraordinary quick expansion in the Unites States, and from 1996 in the whole world, has begun. Now, Starbucks owns approximately 16 000 stores in the world and announces about first step 900 new stores external United States in 2009 (on the other hand, Starbucks is clos ing the same amount of stores in the United States) (www.strabucks.com).It is obvious, that such(prenominal) a big success would be impossible without well selected and formulated marketing philosophy. As one of the most innovative companies in the world Starbucks has chosen social-ethical marketing orientation and declares care for the environment and common wealth as well as for people. The main idea of their philosophy is defined in the Starbucks mission statement. Starbucks has two mission statements which are placed in the official companys website To inspire and nurture gay spirit one person, one cup, and one neighbourhood at a time and Starbucks is committed to a role of environmental leadership in all facets of our business (www.strabucks.com). Social-ethical marketing orientation is getting a trendy buzz word, as environmental and ecological problems are on the increase.Some years past Starbucks was criticised for wasting resources by using paper and plastic cups, for w asting water and plane funding Israel army (Vitkus, 2009). Now this company is shown as the best example of environmental friendly business in the business schools around the world. Starbucks announces its corporate social responsibility Annual reports for the public here the company describes their attention to the employees, customers and the environment, manifesting marketing orientation, marketorientation and holistic marketing orientation. They started to use cups from recycled paper or biodegradable plastic. Social responsibility is also emphasised in their coffee-bars design, posters and various promotional campaigns (the integrated marketing sub-orientation in the holistic marketing orientation).According to Pranulis et al (2008), the main idea of marketing orientation is to create the circle of loyal clients rather than one-time buyers. Starbucks could be called a champion in this field too. The chairman of Starbucks Howard Schultz explains, that a person gets more than j ust coffee when he/she visits Starbucks he gets great people, first-rate music and a comfortable and upbeat meeting place (www.strabucks.com). Thats why people all around the world are willing to pay for coffee more than in other coffee-bars they buy and experience, not a drink (the selling orientation). According to Howard Schultz, Starbucks build personal relationships with each of their customers (this implies the relationship marketing sub-orientation in the holistic marketing orientation).Even the waiters at Starbucks are called baristas to make them feel exceptional and proud about their workplace, not to feel just simple service workers (internal marketing sub-orientation in the holistic marketing orientation). Another core element of marketing concept (Pranulis et al., 2008, Kotler and Keller, 2007) is to appeal to customers needs. Starbucks does everything to get to its costumers satisfaction. They were the first who offered free internet at their coffee-bars and started to open the stores 10 minutes before the actual opening time just to make customers always feel welcome and happy.Viral marketing has also set out one of the most important features of Starbucks. You can hardly find and advertisement in any publisher or marketplace, but they build extremely strong relationships by using social networks, internet and mouth-to-mouth marketing, which means Starbucks meets the marketing challenges of a) the digital age, b) value proposition, c) connecting to customers, d) corporate social responsibility, e) green issues and f) overall revised marketing strategy, g) market shrinking factors (as Starbucks was forced to close down 600 coffee-bars in the USA during the economic slowdown (Milasius, 2008)). The case of coffee Inn (Lithuania)The other company selected for a comparative study is a national company, located only in Lithuania. coffee Inn is a coffee-bars chain opened a few years agone in Vilnius, the capital city of the country. Started from just one coffee-bar, coffee bean Inn now owns 7 coffee-bars in Vilnius and one in Kaunas in 2007 (Vaitiekuniene, 2007). At first, Coffee Inn came into the market with the same concept as Starbucks did. It sells coffee and various coffee drinks, served in paper cups, sandwiches and desserts in humbled, cosy coffee-bars, located in the city centre. The main difference between Starbucks and Coffee Inn is that Starbucks is a big global company (the globalisation challenge) and can afford applying social-ethical marketing orientation, while Coffee Inn is still too small to afford huge investments for various socialprojects and campaigns and it has chosen the marketing orientation.However, Coffee Inn expands constantly, therefore, sooner or later this company will also apply social-ethical marketing oreintation (now Coffee Inn supports various cultural festivals, such as cultural night Tebnie naktis, or Street music day, not financially, but by luck to promote them, or by prolonging t heir opening hours during these festivals). The main idea, the co-owner of Coffee Inn Nidas Kiuberis explains, is that they sell a sapidity of pleasure rather than just a cup of coffee (Obcarskaite, 2009). It seems extremely similar to Starbucks idea. The waiters are called baristas too, Coffee Inn also offers free internet access and their menu is quite similar to Starbucks one. Lithuanians sometimes even claim that Coffee Inn tries to copy Starbucks.On the other hand, there are a lot of cafeterias offering similar facilities (e.g., Vero Cafe, Double Coffee and etc.), and Coffee Inn is not an exception. However, Coffee Inn is a lot smaller as coffee-bars chain than Starbucks and for this reason it is much easier to control it. Being small enables Coffee Inn to be more flexible and to answer to customers demands and wants quicker and to create new demands and wants at the same time (marketing orientation). Coffee Inn constantly offers new drinks, snacks and other features (product orientation). They were one of the first who invited customers to come together with their pets, set free book collection and invited everyone to come to read or to donate a book (the communication challenge).While talking about customers loyalty, new technologies play an important part here too (the technological challenge) Coffee Inn keeps exceptionally close relationships with its customers using Facebook social network, writing the intercommunicate and frankly replying to all the letters and comments. The co-owner Nidas Kiuberis maintains the Coffee Inn blog himself this is very important, as customers notice, that director of the company itself pays attention to their opinion (Milasius, 2008).Nidas Kiuberis explains, they are following guerilla marketing ideas, because it is the best solution for a small business without large budget, where creativity and energy are the most important things (Obcarskaite, 2009). Viral marketing and personal blog writing costs nothing and gi ves better results, than advertisement on TV your loyalty for customers loyalty, these are the things every company seeks, especially in a crisis time (Obcarskaite, 2009). As a result, Coffee Inn has created a steady circle of loyal customers, who are indifferent to similar competitors, such as Vero Cafe, offers.The Evolution of the Marketing ConceptMarketing is basically about anticipating and serving customer needs, but where does the concept come from? In fact, even though the term marketing quite modern, the idea of customer orientation is as old as trade itself. For example, if we looked at a pre-Industrial Revolution village, we would see a number of trades-people such as the blacksmith at work. These people provided the villagers with what they wanted. There was no question of producing large volumes of goods and assuming that people would take them. Everything was made to order the customer had needs and the supplier met them.ConclusionsIn the changing market environment w ith changing customer behaviour and seeking business opportunities, companies face marketing challenges on a daily basis. In the process of theoretical research, a modified model of marketing orientations, which form the marketing philosophy, was proposed, comprising eight major orientations, where market orientation and the holistic marketing orientation are split into further sub-orientations.The other task for the author was to review and structure marketing challenges in the new millennium and test these issues in two cases of coffee-bars sector on international (Starbucks) and national (Coffee Inn in Lithuania) markets. Starbucks and Coffee Inn both follow similar marketing orientations. Starbucks follows social-ethical marketing orientation as a basis of business, while Coffee Inn is being still guided by the marketing orientation.Both companies sell an experience, rather than just coffee and calculate is very important for the customers of these companies as they are mainly young people (20-40 years of age, Miksys, 2008). Both companies use viral marketing techniques, though Coffee Inn can create closer relationships with its customers, because it is able to react to changes quicker. Loyal customers could be called the biggest strength and competitive advantage of these companies as they do not compete on price, just by creating exceptional atmosphere.