Cultural Differences Between Countries

Cultural Differences Between Countries nonobjectiveObjectivesTo explore to what extend the ethnic differences in the midst of countries alter the education of emigree children and withal address the issues related to it.BackgroundThe importance of ethnical differences is getting more and more in the present come along. There pull through a number of multi-ethnical societies and a lot of deal soak up to work or collaborate crosswise geographical or cultural borders. This phenomenon is also touching the educational organization of countries around the world. The children from a diametric cultural background watch to face a number of issues while studying in a foreign school.Neverthe slight, emigre children go equal rights to study in a school. Education is a ingrained right for children regardless of their cultural background.MethodsLiterature search was through on Pub Med, Google books, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Questia.com and ZETOC. The tonality words that were used for searching were emigrant, education, cultural differences, and cultural issues.Selection CriteriaSeveral studies were selected for critical appraisal which has divergent methodological approaches. The study made use of qualitative, quantitative as well as mixed approaches. A scale was used in the quantitative research study which displayed the critical analysis d unmatched by the author.IntroductionThe world has consumely turned into a global village. The advances in information technology have made it easier to travel across geographical borders and communicate across time and space. But unfortunately the technical revolution hasnt d unmatched anything to facilitate better communication inter-culturally. In order to have an effective collaborationism between shades, efforts must be made to develop common sh bed meanings. For that purpose, we have to understand the cultural differences among us and share cultural information.BackgroundGlobalization has lessened the im portance of boundaries between countries. People now travel across borders for barter, education, trade, and leisure. The past decade has witnessed an immense increase in the number of emigrants in roughly all developed countries. Countries like USA and UK are flooded with emigrants. Majority of them r to each one here for job assignments and business purposes. The new surroundings may not be quite welcoming to these people. They may surface a number of factors in that location that hurt their cultural values and beliefs. For this purpose, most of the companies provide cross-cultural procreation for their expatriate employees. But the effect of these cultural differences on their family members is often neglected. The most affected group among the emigrant population is the children. They often have to face a variety of issues while studying in a new educational establishment. And they are the most affected by these cultural differences.Adler (1997) proposed that culture, val ues, attitude and behaviors are merged and influence each other in a society. set are aspects that have a direct or indirect impact on our decisions. Values can be both conscious and unconscious. Values of an individual are affected by his culture. It is through attitudes that a person expresses his values and makes us controvert in a particular manner. Thus a persons attitude is being revealed indirectly through his actions. every form of human action can be considered as behavior. Thus the overall culture of a society is affected by the behavior of its people. Hence culture cannot exist without peoples behavior.The education corpse of each state of matter is distinguishable and is influenced by the native culture and norms. Hence the emigrant children will be encountered with trustworthy issues that could happen due to these cultural disparities. The situation of emigrant children into schools and other educational institutions will be be upon the type of school, duration of attending, evidences for achievement etc. In some countries like Germany, migrant children enroll at a late age and at a lower rate compared to their peers. Another aspect that invites critical review regarding enrolment is the placement of emigrant children in lower than their age-appropriate schools. This situation cannot be avoided in schools where they are no transitory classes. But with this the emigrant kids remain in this situation due to lack of motivation and contribute for catching up with native kids of same age. Hence these kids end up as low performers with less academic qualifications. They are considered as secondary citizens.Even when this is an issue that needs immediate concern, there is a dearth of research being done in this area.Critical AppraisalThere has been many studies done on the cultural issues of emigrants but research on the specific cultural problems affecting the education of emigrant children is limited. Culture itself is very sensitive area. H uijser (2006) outlined culture as a groups set of shared norms and values, verbalised in the behavior of its group members. According to Schein (1991), culture is the shared norms, values and modes of behavior that characterize a group of individuals. His model views culture at three levels-the visible artifact level, values, and basic underlying assumptions. The world-class level focuses on the visible aspects of culture like food and clothing. The second level is mainly implicated with the beliefs about what is right and wrong. The third level reflects on the basic beliefs about human nature and its consanguinity with others. The emigrant life as well as that of expatriates can be related more to the artifact or value levels.A number of writers have applied the culture concept to national cultures and have developed dimensions on which national cultures differ (Trompenaars, 1993)There are six dimensions on the basis of which cultural differences can be analyzed (Adler 1997). These dimensions areUnderstanding the nature of peopleThe persons relationship to the external environmentThe persons relationship to other peopleThe primary mode of activity.Peoples orientation to spaceThe persons temporal orientation.Apart from the above, language and communication skills can also be considered as dimensions to cultural differences (Gudykunst, 1986 Tannen, 1990).An emigrant can be defined as a national who is living in a foreign land on a temporary basis for work reasons (Sayad 2004). The extent to which the cultural beliefs are different from one country to some other is sack outn as cultural distance (Kogut Singh, 1988). Thus cultures vary from country to country based upon the dimensions (Brouthers Brouthers 2001). The cultural distance can be challenging for emigrants since they have to adapt to a new different culture (Black Mendenhall, 1992). The work performance, ability to accomplish tasks as well as socialization is being affected by this cultural d istance (Stahl Caliguri, 2005). It is al ways useful to identify and understand the personal characteristics of individuals who could reduce the distance between the emigrant and the natives since the emigrants would get into close ties with these people (Harrison, Shaffer Bhaskar-Shrinivas, 2004).If there is high cultural distance, that means there exists usage and values which are unfamiliar to the emigrant. Gaining experience in different cultural context would facilitate the emigrant to develop a global mindset and can cause an overall transformation of identity (Kohonen 2005 Sanchez, Spector Cooper, 2000). Adapting to a different environment demands the emigrant for self-examining ones own behavior and as the disparity between planetary house and host culture increases, greater the need for self-examination. A sense making process is considered to be hobo this event and there also exists a sense of coherence which integrates the personal characteristics with ones own pre vious experiences (Glanz, William Hoeksema, 2001 Stahl, miller Tung, 2002). Those individuals who are capable of adapting effectively are considered to be social brokers who could integrate the opinions and suggestions obtained from people with local rendition schemes or cultural expectations.Those who have migrated to a destination country at a younger age and completed primary and high school are mostly economically powerful as they know the language and are culturally inclined (Chiswick and Miller, 1996). In US studies related to the immigrant children have shown that blacks and Latinos have lesser grades than natives, while a child of second generation born to a native mother also has a higher demote of attaining graduation (Bankston and Zhou, 2002). Educational and societal systems in a country affect the immigrant children in a wide variety of ways (Dronkers and de Heus, (2010)).Educational systems in different countries are make in different ways. The performance and ach ievement of emigrant children with respect to education is measured based on standardization, differentiation and the availability of resources in the destination and origin countries (Shavit and Mller, 1998 Wssmann, 2003 Buchmann and Hannum, 2001). If a countrys educational system is more differentiated taking into account the social characteristics, it is seen that the native students outperform immigrant students in the country (OECD 2007). A study by Ammermller (2005) showed that those students who have options to choose different school types have a better chance of performing well.In order to study the effect of characteristics of both origin and destination countries and the educational system in these countries, Levels et al. (2008) took into consideration the political, cultural and economic macro-characteristics. Educational performance of immigrant children is affected by the countries educational system only if the child has received a part of the education in origin cou ntry. According to Rumbaut (2004) there is difference in the academic performance of immigrant children who migrated at an early age to the destination country and those who have migrated at a later age. The choice of schools and educational institutions and their differentiation is largely influenced by the choices of parents in slickness of younger children (Pfeffer 2008). Thus the familiarity of parents in this respect is an important resource. It is also observed that those immigrants who have are of a lower class in the society in terms of education, economy and knowledge of educational institutions etc. will choose a lower stream of educational institution for their children. The lack knowledge of the language and culture acts as a base for this to happen. (van de Werfhorst and van Tubergen, 2007). Dronkers, (2010), revealed that the individual cultural and family background of the students influenced the way they performed in the academically.In case of education system mig rant students are always at a disadvantage. The scientific performance of students in politically unstable countries is poor. The scientific literacy of immigrants are influenced or in one way affected by the cultural, social and economic characteristics of the origin and destination countries. There exist a large difference in the culture of one country and other, these results in less understanding among the different groups in the country and the immigrant population (Owen, Eisner and McFaul, 1981).ConclusionThere are various issues the affect the emigrant children, one of the most important issue concerning them is their education. Numerous studies and researches have been conducted in this regard. Cultural variations in a country affect the educational performance of emigrant children. Religion an important aspect of culture in a origin and destination country also effect the emigrant education (Dronkers Fleishmann (2010).Researches done in europium to a large extend cover th e countries both in Europe as well as outside Europe. Important countries where researches were done are Canada, England, France and the USA. Various scientific studies have been carried out in this aspect based on these countries in Europe. One of the main drawbacks in this kind of a study is that not many countries are included in the study and not all groups of emigrants are taken into consideration. addendumPolicy FrameworkThere are many frameworks of policies in the western countries including UK regarding protecting the rights of immigrant population. Discrimination of immigrant people especially children are addressed through various laws formulated in the country. Government has certain policies and rules that help the immigrant population to blend with the culture of the host country this is to prevent the immigrant children from feeling the discrimination that can affect their educational performance (Portes and Zhou, 1993). Migrant Integration Policy Index(MIPEX), this he lps the national governing bodies measure the access the migrants have in politics, labour market and other spheres (Niessen, Huddleston and Citron, 2007). Thus it is noted that the immigrant children perform well academically in a country where the immigrant policies are well established. British Race Relation Act and European fraternity Council Directives help provide equal treatment for all in the country.